Concept of information
Data
Data is distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way.
Data is defined as any information processed or stored by a computer.
Data is any collection of numbers, characters or other symbols that has been coded into a format that can be input into a computer and processed.
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed.
Data on its own has no meaning, or context. It is only after processing by a computer that data takes on a context and becomes information.
There are many types of data. All data ends up being stored as a series of numbers inside the computer.
Data can be input to the computer by the user in many different ways. The main types of data that can be input into a computer and processed are numeric, text, dates, graphics and sound.
Forms of Data
Data is represented in various forms including
Numbers or digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
Alphabetical letters - Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn,
Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
Special characters - +, -, /, =, <, >, *, ?, %, &, @, #, !, $, : etc.
Graphics
Audio clips
Data processing cycle
Data processing consists of three basic steps input, processing and output.
Step 1: Input
In this step data (raw facts) is entered into a computer. Input devices such as keyboard and mouse are used to enter data.
Step 2: Processing
In this step data is changed to produce meaningful information
Step 3: Output
In this step meaningful information is collected ready to be used. Output devices such as Monitor and Printer are used to give out the meaningful information
Information
Information is defined as an organized or classified data which has some meaningful values for the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.
Information as any processed data that can be stored in and retrieved from a computer
Information is stimuli that have meaning in some context for its receiver.
Characteristics of information
Timely - Information should be available when required.CONCEPT OF INFORMATION
Concept of information
Data
Data is distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way.
Data is defined as any information processed or stored by a computer.
Data is any collection of numbers, characters or other symbols that has been coded into a format that can be input into a computer and processed.
Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed.
Data on its own has no meaning, or context. It is only after processing by a computer that data takes on a context and becomes information.
There are many types of data. All data ends up being stored as a series of numbers inside the computer.
Data can be input to the computer by the user in many different ways. The main types of data that can be input into a computer and processed are numeric, text, dates, graphics and sound.
Forms of Data
Data is represented in various forms including
Numbers or digits - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
Alphabetical letters - Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn,
Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
Special characters - +, -, /, =, <, >, *, ?, %, &, @, #, !, $, : etc.
Graphics
Audio clips
Data processing cycle
Data processing consists of three basic steps input, processing and output.
Step 1: Input
In this step data (raw facts) is entered into a computer. Input devices such as keyboard and mouse are used to enter data.
Step 2: Processing
In this step data is changed to produce meaningful information
Step 3: Output
In this step meaningful information is collected ready to be used. Output devices such as Monitor and Printer are used to give out the meaningful information
Information
Information is defined as an organized or classified data which has some meaningful values for the receiver.
Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.
Information as any processed data that can be stored in and retrieved from a computer
Information is stimuli that have meaning in some context for its receiver.
Characteristics of information
Timely - Information should be available when required.
Accuracy - Information should be accurate.
Completeness - Information should be complete.
Sources of Information
Basically there are two main sources of information. These are
Primary sources
Secondary sources
Primary Sources
A primary source is the one that provides original information from an original source. Original information may be given by a reporter or a participant who was directly involved in the event or he/she witnessed the event him/herself. The primary source provides first hand and original information.
Primary sources include things like:- Diaries
Letters
Research articles written by those performed the research Interviews
Newspaper article written by a reporter who witnessed the event Artifacts (e.g. coins, plant specimens, fossils, furniture, tools, clothing); Internet communications on email
Audio recordings (e.g. radio programs)
Original Documents (i.e. birth certificate, will, marriage license, trial transcript); Records of organizations, government agencies (e.g. annual report, treaty, constitution, government document)
Speeches
Video recordings (e.g. television programs)
Works of art, architecture, literature, and music (e.g., paintings, sculptures, buildings, novels, poems).
Web site.
Secondary source
Secondary source of information is one that provides information from a source other than the original. Secondary sources are processed primary sources, second-hand versions. a secondary source is one that interprets or analyzes an event.
Secondary sources include things like: Commentaries, criticisms; Dictionaries, Encyclopedias Histories;
Journal articles
Magazine and newspaper Monographs,
Textbooks Book reviews Biographies
Articles about other people’s work
Information dissemination
Information dissemination refers to the process of delivering or spreading information. There are two ways of disseminating information:-
Traditional ways
Modern ways
Traditional ways
Traditional ways include:-
Horn blowing
Bell ringing
Drum beating
Whistling
Shouting
Fire setting
Singing
Story telling
The use of symbols
Gestures
Modern ways of disseminating information
Faxing
Television and radio broadcasting
Telephone calling and text messaging
Magazines
Newspaper
Electronic mailing
Letter writing
Similarities between traditional ways and modern ways of information dissemination
Both traditional and modern ways of disseminating information have the source and the receiver of information.
Both need feedback or response.
They both use channels through which the information is passed.
Both they incur cost during the process of information dissemination.
The both face communication barriers.
Differences between traditional ways and modern ways of information dissemination
Communication
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. It involves the process of using words, sounds and signs to exchange information.
Categories of communication
Spoken or verbal communication This includes:
Face-to-face
Telephone
Radio
Television
Non-verbal communication This includes:-
Body language
Gestures
How we dress and act
Written communication This includes:-
Letters
E-mails
Books
Magazines
The internet
Visualizations This includes:-
Graphs
Maps
Logos
Communication Process
Communication process refers to the steps taken in order to communicate successfully. This process involves seven elements which are sender, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding and feedback.
Sender – Anyone or anything that initiates the message.
Encoding - A process of converting or translation of idea into
perceivable form.
Message – A piece of information
Channel/medium – A means by which the message is transmitted between the
sender and the receiver.
Receiver - Anyone or anything that receives the message Decoding - Interpretation of the message
Feedback - Response to the message from the receiver.
Communication media
Communication media refers to the means of delivering and receiving information. It is the means through which information is transmitted from one point to another.
Communication media include:-
The internet
Television
Radio
Telephone/mobile phone
Newspaper
Magazines
Journals
Books
Facsimile (fax)
Computer
Accuracy - Information should be accurate.
Completeness - Information should be complete.
Sources of Information
Basically there are two main sources of information. These are
Primary sources
Secondary sources
Primary Sources
A primary source is the one that provides original information from an original source. Original information may be given by a reporter or a participant who was directly involved in the event or he/she witnessed the event him/herself. The primary source provides first hand and original information.
Primary sources include things like:- Diaries
Letters
Research articles written by those performed the research Interviews
Newspaper article written by a reporter who witnessed the event Artifacts (e.g. coins, plant specimens, fossils, furniture, tools, clothing); Internet communications on email
Audio recordings (e.g. radio programs)
Original Documents (i.e. birth certificate, will, marriage license, trial transcript); Records of organizations, government agencies (e.g. annual report, treaty, constitution, government document)
Speeches
Video recordings (e.g. television programs)
Works of art, architecture, literature, and music (e.g., paintings, sculptures, buildings, novels, poems).
Web site.
Secondary source
Secondary source of information is one that provides information from a source other than the original. Secondary sources are processed primary sources, second-hand versions. a secondary source is one that interprets or analyzes an event.
Secondary sources include things like: Commentaries, criticisms; Dictionaries, Encyclopedias Histories;
Journal articles
Magazine and newspaper Monographs,
Textbooks Book reviews Biographies
Articles about other people’s work
Information dissemination
Information dissemination refers to the process of delivering or spreading information. There are two ways of disseminating information:-
Traditional ways
Modern ways
Traditional ways
Traditional ways include:-
Horn blowing
Bell ringing
Drum beating
Whistling
Shouting
Fire setting
Singing
Story telling
The use of symbols
Gestures
Modern ways of disseminating information
Faxing
Television and radio broadcasting
Telephone calling and text messaging
Magazines
Newspaper
Electronic mailing
Letter writing
Similarities between traditional ways and modern ways of information dissemination
Both traditional and modern ways of disseminating information have the source and the receiver of information.
Both need feedback or response.
They both use channels through which the information is passed.
Both they incur cost during the process of information dissemination.
The both face communication barriers.
Differences between traditional ways and modern ways of information dissemination
Communication
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another. It involves the process of using words, sounds and signs to exchange information.
Categories of communication
Spoken or verbal communication This includes:
Face-to-face
Telephone
Radio
Television
Non-verbal communication This includes:-
Body language
Gestures
How we dress and act
Written communication This includes:-
Letters
E-mails
Books
Magazines
The internet
Visualizations This includes:-
Graphs
Maps
Logos
Communication Process
Communication process refers to the steps taken in order to communicate successfully. This process involves seven elements which are sender, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding and feedback.
Sender – Anyone or anything that initiates the message.
Encoding - A process of converting or translation of idea into
perceivable form.
Message – A piece of information
Channel/medium – A means by which the message is transmitted between the
sender and the receiver.
Receiver - Anyone or anything that receives the message Decoding - Interpretation of the message
Feedback - Response to the message from the receiver.
Communication media
Communication media refers to the means of delivering and receiving information. It is the means through which information is transmitted from one point to another.
Communication media include:-
The internet
Television
Radio
Telephone/mobile phone
Newspaper
Magazines
Journals
Books
Facsimile (fax)
Computer
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