NECTA Form 4 Geography 2025
Suggested Solutions & Answers
SECTION A (16 Marks)
1. Multiple Choice Questions
(i) Answer: E (11:00 pm, Wednesday)
Reasoning: Greenwich is at 0°. The destination is 180°E. The difference is 180°. Since the earth rotates 15° per hour, the time difference is 180 / 15 = 12 hours. East is ahead in time. 11:00 am + 12 hours = 11:00 pm on the same day.
(ii) Answer: D (Natural gas)
Reasoning: Natural gas burns cleaner than wood, charcoal, or petroleum, making it a more environmentally friendly option for cooking compared to the others listed.
(iii) Answer: D (Ranch)
Reasoning: Commercial livestock keeping on extensive land (as seen in Australia for Merino sheep) is known as ranching.
(iv) Answer: D (Barchans)
Reasoning: Barchans are crescent-shaped sand dunes formed by wind action, often initiated by an obstruction like a rock. The "horns" point downwind.
(v) Answer: D (High evaporation)
Reasoning: The equatorial region experiences intense heating from the sun, leading to high rates of evaporation. This moist air rises (convection), cools, and condenses to form heavy convectional rainfall.
(vi) Answer: E (Afforestation)
Reasoning: Afforestation is planting trees where there were none, which is a conservation measure. All other options (deforestation, inorganic fertilizers, chemicals, overgrazing) cause degradation.
(vii) Answer: B (Tourist)
Reasoning: A person traveling to a park for leisure/recreation is defined as a tourist.
(viii) Answer: D (presence of religious centres)
Reasoning: Industrial location relies on power, markets, labor, and raw materials. Religious centers are not a direct economic factor for locating a manufacturing industry.
(ix) Answer: E (Asymmetrical fold)
Reasoning: An asymmetrical fold has limbs with different angles of dip (one steeper than the other) due to unequal compressional forces.
(x) Answer: B (Fertility)
Reasoning: Fertility refers to the actual reproductive performance (number of live births) of a woman or group of women.
2. Matching Items (Time & Coordinates)
- (i) E (Local time): Time recorded along the same longitude.
- (ii) D (Standard time): Time taken from agreed meridians for a stretch of land.
- (iii) F (Time zone): Geographical area where standard time is used.
- (iv) B (International Date Line): The line where the date changes.
- (v) A (Greenwich Mean Time): Local time at 0° longitude.
- (vi) H (Prime Meridians): The line dividing the earth into East and West hemispheres.
SECTION B (54 Marks)
3. Map Work (Kazikazi Sheet 140/1)
Note: Without the specific map extract, general procedures are provided.
- (a) Physical Features: Typically include hills, valleys, rivers, seasonal swamps (mbuga), and forests/woodland. Check the map key.
- (b) Area Calculation: Count full grid squares and add half squares. Multiply by the scale factor (usually 1 grid = 1 km2 on a 1:50,000 map).
- (c) Direction of Flow: Look for V-shaped contours pointing upstream (so river flows opposite), or look for decreasing spot heights along the river.
- (d) Factor Controlling Flow: Relief (Slope/Gravity) is the main factor.
4. Research
(a) Concept: Research is a systematic and scientific process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to find solutions to problems or generate new knowledge.
(b) Importance: 1. Solves existing social/economic problems. 2. Generates new knowledge and theories. 3. Helps in government planning and policy making. 4. Predicts future trends (e.g., population growth). 5. Evaluates the success of projects. 6. Improves critical thinking skills.
5. Fold Mountains
(a) Formation: Formed by compressional forces when two tectonic plates collide. The sedimentary rock layers between them are squeezed and buckled upwards.
(b) Diagram:
[Image of formation of fold mountains](c) Importance: 1. Modification of climate (Relief rainfall). 2. Tourism attraction (e.g., Himalayas, Alps). 3. Sources of rivers (catchment areas).
6. Photograph Analysis
Based on the provided image of people collecting wood near a road:
- (a) Type: Ground Photograph (Horizontal/Slightly Oblique).
- (b) Climate: Tropical Savannah or Semi-Arid (indicated by dry grass, scrubby vegetation, and clear sky).
- (c) Environmental Impacts:
- Deforestation (cutting trees for firewood).
- Soil Erosion (exposure of soil).
- Loss of Biodiversity/Habitat.
- (d) Alternative Energy Sources:
- Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).
- Solar Energy.
- Biogas.
- Coal Briquettes.
7. Weather and Climate
(a) Conditions: Weather (short period) and Climate (long period).
(b) Differences: 1. Duration: Weather is short-term (hours/days); Climate is long-term (30+ years). 2. Area: Weather covers small areas; Climate covers large regions. 3. Variability: Weather changes constantly; Climate is relatively stable.
(c) Importance of Weather Prediction: 1. Helps farmers plan planting/harvesting. 2. Essential for aviation/flight safety. 3. Disaster preparedness (cyclones, floods). 4. Helps people choose appropriate clothing.
8. Statistics (Frequency Distribution)
(a) Frequency Distribution Table:
| Class Interval | Tally | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 30 - 39 | |||| | 4 |
| 40 - 49 | ||| | 3 |
| 50 - 59 | |||| |||| | 8 |
| 60 - 69 | |||| | | 6 |
| 70 - 79 | ||| | 3 |
| 80 - 89 | | | 1 |
| Total | 25 |
(b) Modal Class: 50 - 59 (It has the highest frequency of 8).
(c) Disadvantages of Mode: 1. It is not based on all observations/values in the data set. 2. It is ill-defined; data can have no mode or multiple modes (multimodal).
SECTION C (30 Marks)
9. Surveying Objectives
- Boundary Establishment: To define the limits of the farm area.
- Area Calculation: To determine the size of the land for planning shed capacity.
- Levelling: To find heights and slopes to ensure proper drainage for the sheds.
- Planning/Mapping: To create a map for organizing where to place the storage vs sheds.
- Setting Out: To mark the exact positions on the ground for construction.
10. Factors for Mining Investment
- Availability of Capital: Large scale mining requires huge funds for machinery and operations.
- Transport Infrastructure: Roads/railways are needed to transport heavy machinery and ores.
- Power Supply: Reliable electricity is essential for processing and running equipment.
- Availability of Labour: Both skilled (engineers) and unskilled workers are needed.
- Market: Reliable buyers for the minerals (local or international).
- Government Policy: Favorable tax laws, licenses, and stability are crucial.
11. Global Climate Change
Causes (Man's Influence): 1. Burning Fossil Fuels: Cars and industries release CO2, a greenhouse gas. 2. Deforestation: Cutting trees reduces the earth's ability to absorb carbon. 3. Industrial Agriculture: Livestock release methane; fertilizers release nitrous oxide.
Possible Measures: 1. Afforestation/Reforestation: Planting more trees to absorb carbon. 2. Renewable Energy: Switching to solar, wind, and hydro power. 3. Energy Efficiency: Using better technologies to waste less energy. 4. International Agreements: Adhering to protocols like the Paris Agreement to limit emissions.
Disclaimer: These solutions are suggested for revision purposes.
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